While working through Obadiah during our summer Sunday School series, I made the decision a couple of Sundays ago to do an excursus on Obadiah 16; that is, how does the image of 'drinking' tie into the 'cup of wrath' metaphor in the eschatological outlook of the Bible?It's a massive topic, one that occupies no small place in the Hebrew prophets (e.g. the 'cup of wrath' image -- if not the actual phrasing -- appears in over 30 places). However, it's a helpful example of seeing how such Biblical metaphors (e.g. what Dr. Kline labelled 'prophetic idiom') function within the prosecutorial-lawsuit focus of the prophets.
In other words, the 'cup' is an idiomatic way of expressing the dual sanctions (blessing and cursing, Deut. 28) of the covenant -- a sign of fullness/blessing from YHWH for the righteous (Psalm 23:5) and a sign of divine judgment from YHWH against the wicked (Psalm 73:5).
When Jesus asks Peter, "Shall I not drink the cup that the Father has given me?" (John 18:11), it's quite clear what 'cup' Jesus is talking about -- the cup of God's divine wrath. Of particular interest is the way all three Synoptic Gospels record the institution of the Lord's Supper and the passing of the 'cup' (Matt. 26:26-29; Mark 14:22-25; Luke 22:14ff) in juxtaposition with Jesus' agonizing Gethsemane prayer to let the 'cup' pass (Matt. 26:39; Mark 14:36; Luke 22:42). Coincidence??
What emerges from these Gospel accounts of Jesus' final moments prior to his crucifixion
is the way that Jesus brings together these two strands, these two sanctions of the covenant -- blessing and cursing -- in one grand eschatological pronouncement. The cup of wrath is transformed into a cup of grace. Why? Because Christ bears the cup of wrath for his people so that they might experience the cup of grace!
There is an inseparable correlation between the two -- they hang or fall together. If you get rid of or redefine the category of 'covenantal wrath' as viewed from the vantage point of the 'cup' metaphor, then you are inevitably going to misunderstand if not altogether obscure the basis for God's granting 'covenantal grace' to His people.Here is one key example of why you can't reduce all covenants to pure grace. Certainly the outcome of Jesus' bearing the Father's wrath is one of 'grace' to us (the application of redemption). But in looking at the covenant between Jesus and the Father (the pactum salutis), it's difficult to understand how drinking the cup of divine wrath can be interpreted as being 'graced' by the Father. That certainly would be a rather strange definition of grace!
This also helps illumine the context of Paul's lengthy treatment on the Lord's Supper in I Corinthians 10-11, particularly as it relates to the dual covenantal sanctions. Paul describes the Supper as a 'cup of blessing' for the Church (I Cor. 10:16). Further, he equates the cup with the New Covenant (I Cor 11:25). So far so good...but it's not the end of the story. So much of the 'discussion' in Chapter 11 has centered on what Paul means by 'examine himself' (11:28) and 'discern the body' (11:29). However we take Paul's language in vs. 27-29, it's clear that whoever this person is that drinks in an unworthy manner, that person drinks judgment on himself. How can something be a 'cup of blessing' and a 'cup of judgment'? Could it be that Paul is using 'dual sanctions' of the 'cup' in I Cor. 10-11 as a way to explain the antithesis he previously articulates between 'the cup of the Lord' and 'the cup of demons' (I Cor. 10:22)?
Whatever be the precise nuance in I Corinthians, the 'cup' image returns in full force when we come to John's Apocalypse. This is not surprising, given the way in which Revelation builds upon, interprets, and Christologizes the prophetic works of the OT. Chapters 13-19 make particularly good use of the 'cup of wrath' image, as the cycles of judgment escalate towards the final judgment! What Obadiah sees from far off, John sees from a closer vantage point...but they both have the 'end' in view.
To conclude on a practical note, some one approached me after this particularly Sunday School class and made the comment, "Now that's a subject that I would have never heard at ________ Church. The word they always liked to use was 'brokenness'! You might have heard a sermon about drinking wine at ________ Church, but you would have never heard a sermon about drinking wrath. "As I thought about this further, particularly as it relates to a certain mindset in some Reformed circles, it occurred to me that this so-called 'recovery of the arts' among Reformed Christians is actually muted by (post)modern, theological reductionism. That is, they like the Old Testament's artistic images that describe 'brokenness' and God's delivering us out of such 'brokenness'. But they don't particularly like the Old Testament's artistic images that describe the cup of wrath as a drunk woman who gnaws on shards and tears out her whoring breasts (Ezekiel 23:32-34).
Part of the brilliance in the OT prophetic literature is its ability to use idiomatic metaphors to enlighten the *fullness* of God's covenantal dealings with the world! This is particularly true when you look at the 'cup of wrath' -- the idiom helps to put human flesh on the notion of 'divine wrath' (which easily becomes theologically abstract without it).
It's not that the imagery/metaphor of 'brokennes' is a bad one or an unimportant one (cf. Psalm 109:16, Isa. 30:26, and more). The problem is that it's not a branch strong enough to carry the theological weight placed upon it by those that seem to refer to it all the time.
Posts
6 comments:
what's your take on fasting in light of Christ's redemptive historical fulfillment?
For future reference, I won't answer questions from anyone anonymous...
There does seem to be a shift of some sort. I can only think of two places in the NT where fasting even shows up in a *post* resurrection/ascension context...and that's Acts 13 and 14. And we aren't told too much in the context of those passages.
Me thinks if it were intended to be a *regular* (or even a semi-regular!) pattern, we would fine more evidence of it elsewhere in the NT. Some (like Piper) see references in II Cor 6:5 and II Cor. 11:27...but it's not entirely clear that the 'hunger' being described there fits with the other Biblical data of fasting.
I honestly haven't studied the issue in depth; I've read Piper's arguments in favor and (as of today) am not persuaded by them.
I suppose I see it something like a 'church retreat'! Can it be a good thing for a church to go away for 3 or 4 days together? Of course. But I don't see it as something required for them to do.
Thank you for a great post. I am in discussion with some folks about historical-redemptive preaching and your understanding of "cup of wrath" and Obadiah is very, very helpful. Thanks for your thoughtful entry. Chris
At the same time, I think it's also easily a Reformed tendency (from my limited experience) to abstract the reason of God's wrath until it becomes a rather flat notion of "sin" that seems only to be shorthand for something like "unworthiness." I.e. "total depravity" becomes a very individualistic and individualizing concept along of the lines of "Oh woe is me." (I exaggerate, as usual.)
Perhaps both brokenness and wrath need to be addressed in churches, as you seem to concede at the end of your post, Matt. To simplify things rudely, too great an emphasis on sin or wrath encourages a fear of the Lord that rests solely in the individual. But addressing brokenness in our culture can transform that fear into love, which is what Christ came to do. It's the big "Now what?" that many Christians seem to face these days. Love always pushes outwards, I feel, and we cannot hoard the cup of grace.
I believe it is true that in today's post-industrial society, while God's wrath is still obvious in so much of it, there are still truckloads of people--Christian and pagan alike--who feel their own brokenness and do not know how to deal with it. This is especially true in privileged suburban (Californian!) communities, where the introverted, cynical, and confused are generally left to struggle on their own--even in churches. To warn them away from God's wrath is only one thing a church can do for them. But my personal experience tells me that even once I've accepted intellectually the truth of God's forgiveness, I will still feel lonely at times, I will still feel isolated and sad. And feelings, in truth, will come and go, but they don't always easily go.
In short, our society all too easily isolates individuals and breaks them. And to concentrate on "sin" and "wrath" to the exclusion of brokenness will only isolate our brothers further.
Good post, though, Matt. What do you think?
Matt,
Great Blog! I didn't know you were up and running until Scotty Clark linked to you.
How's married life? When are you coming to Madison? I need your help planting the church here.
Mark Jenkins a.k.a "Big @#$%"
Good stuff!
JDF
Post a Comment